April 9, 2025
2025 Home Siding Costs: Vinyl vs. Fiber Cement in Diverse Climates

2025 Home Siding Costs: Vinyl vs. Fiber Cement in Diverse Climates

Siding Choices for a Changing Climate

Protecting your home from the elements is a significant investment, impacting both its market value and your family’s comfort. Choosing the right siding is a crucial decision in this investment, requiring careful consideration of cost, durability, aesthetics, and increasingly, the impact of climate change. This comprehensive guide delves into 2025 home siding costs, focusing on two popular options: vinyl and fiber cement, examining their performance across diverse climates. Understanding the nuances of each material is essential for making an informed decision that aligns with your budget, aesthetic preferences, and the specific environmental challenges of your region.

From the escalating heat of southern states to the frigid winters of the north and the salt-laden air of coastal areas, the right siding choice can significantly impact your home’s resilience and long-term value. The 2025 projections for home siding costs indicate a continued rise due to increased material and labor expenses. While vinyl siding generally remains the more affordable option upfront, the cost comparison with fiber cement becomes more nuanced when factoring in lifespan and maintenance.

Fiber cement, known for its longevity and minimal upkeep, can offer long-term cost savings, especially in harsh climates. This guide will provide a detailed cost comparison, enabling you to assess the true value of each siding material over its projected lifespan. For example, a recent study by the National Association of Home Builders found that fiber cement siding can last up to 50 years, compared to 20-40 years for vinyl, potentially offsetting the higher initial siding replacement cost.

Climate change is no longer a distant threat; it’s a reality impacting our homes today. Increased storm severity, extreme temperatures, and fluctuating humidity levels all play a role in siding deterioration. Choosing a climate-resistant material is paramount for minimizing future repairs and ensuring your home’s structural integrity. This guide will explore the best siding for hot climates, cold climates, and coastal regions, taking into account the specific challenges posed by each. For instance, in coastal areas, fiber cement’s resistance to salt spray makes it a popular choice, while insulated vinyl siding can improve energy efficiency in colder climates, reducing heating costs and minimizing environmental impact.

Understanding these climate-specific considerations is vital for making a sustainable and cost-effective choice. Navigating the complexities of siding choices can be overwhelming. This guide will equip you with the knowledge to make an informed decision, covering topics such as siding cost comparison, 2025 siding trends, and the best siding for various climate conditions. Whether you’re embarking on a home improvement project, considering real estate investments, or simply seeking to understand the latest in building materials, this guide will provide valuable insights. We’ll also discuss the importance of consulting with local professionals to get personalized quotes and expert advice tailored to your specific needs and location. By understanding the factors influencing 2025 home siding costs and the performance characteristics of vinyl and fiber cement, you can make a confident investment that protects your home and enhances its value for years to come.

Vinyl Siding: Cost and Climate Considerations

Vinyl siding continues to be a popular choice for homeowners in 2025, largely due to its affordability and relatively simple installation process. The cost-effectiveness of vinyl makes it an attractive option for budget-conscious homeowners and real estate investors looking to enhance curb appeal without a substantial financial outlay. However, the performance of vinyl siding varies considerably across different climates, a factor that must be weighed heavily in any cost comparison. Understanding these climate-specific performance characteristics is crucial for making informed home improvement decisions and maximizing the return on investment.

In hotter regions, lighter-colored vinyl siding is generally preferred for its ability to reflect sunlight and reduce heat absorption, contributing to lower energy bills and a more comfortable indoor environment. This can be a significant advantage in climates where cooling costs are a major concern. Conversely, in colder climates, insulated vinyl siding offers enhanced energy efficiency by providing an additional layer of insulation against the cold, potentially saving homeowners money on heating costs throughout the winter months.

This makes insulated vinyl a smart choice for homeowners in regions experiencing harsh winters. The initial cost of vinyl siding is often significantly lower than alternatives like fiber cement, making it an attractive option for those working within a tighter budget. However, the long-term cost comparison should consider factors such as lifespan, maintenance requirements, and potential replacement costs. While vinyl is relatively low-maintenance, it can be susceptible to damage from extreme weather events, potentially leading to higher repair or replacement costs down the line.

The 2025 siding trends indicate a growing awareness of the impact of climate change on building materials, leading homeowners to prioritize resilience and durability alongside cost. In coastal regions, for example, the best siding for homes must withstand salt spray, high winds, and persistent moisture. While vinyl can be used in coastal areas, it requires careful selection and specific maintenance procedures to ensure longevity. Homeowners in these regions should consult with local siding professionals to determine the best vinyl options and installation techniques for maximizing performance and lifespan.

Similarly, the best siding for hot climates should be chosen with factors like UV resistance and heat reflectivity in mind. High-quality vinyl siding with enhanced UV protection can mitigate the effects of intense sunlight and prevent premature fading or brittleness. For homeowners in cold climates, insulated vinyl offers a cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency and reduce heating costs. When considering siding replacement, a comprehensive cost comparison should encompass not only the initial material and installation costs but also the long-term maintenance and potential repair expenses. By factoring in these considerations, homeowners can make informed decisions that align with their budget and long-term goals. Consulting with qualified siding professionals is crucial for obtaining accurate 2025 home siding costs and expert advice tailored to specific climate conditions and individual needs. These experts can provide valuable insights into the best siding options for various climates, helping homeowners make informed decisions that balance cost, durability, and aesthetic preferences.

Fiber Cement Siding: Balancing Cost and Durability

Fiber cement siding is rapidly gaining popularity in the home improvement market, and for good reason. Its superior durability and weather resistance make it a compelling choice, especially for homeowners in harsher climates bracing for the impacts of climate change. While the initial cost of fiber cement siding is typically higher than vinyl, its exceptional longevity and minimal maintenance requirements can significantly offset the price difference over time, making it a worthwhile investment for the discerning homeowner.

For example, a 2025 cost comparison study showed that while the upfront cost of fiber cement was approximately 30% higher than vinyl, the reduced maintenance and replacement costs over a 20-year period resulted in fiber cement being the more cost-effective option. This resilience translates into higher property values, a key consideration for real estate investors and homeowners alike. One of the key advantages of fiber cement siding lies in its composition. Made from a blend of cement, sand, and cellulose fibers, it offers exceptional resistance to a wide array of weather conditions.

Unlike vinyl, which can become brittle and fade in extreme heat, fiber cement stands up to intense sun, persistent humidity, and heavy precipitation. This resilience makes it an ideal choice for hot climates, where homeowners often grapple with high energy bills due to solar heat gain. Fiber cement’s resistance to moisture damage also makes it a robust option for cold climates prone to snow, ice, and freeze-thaw cycles. In coastal regions, where salt spray and high winds are common, fiber cement’s inherent resistance to these elements offers superior protection against corrosion and deterioration, contributing to a longer lifespan and lower overall cost compared to vinyl, which often requires more frequent repairs and replacement in these demanding environments.

From a building materials perspective, fiber cement siding offers distinct advantages. Its dimensional stability means it won’t warp or crack under fluctuating temperatures, maintaining its aesthetic appeal and structural integrity for years to come. This stability is a critical factor in regions experiencing more extreme temperature swings due to climate change. Furthermore, fiber cement is fire-resistant, providing an added layer of safety and potentially lowering homeowner’s insurance premiums. The material is also resistant to pests, rot, and impact damage, further reducing maintenance needs and contributing to its long-term value.

When considering 2025 siding trends, the resilience and sustainability of fiber cement position it as a leading choice for homeowners prioritizing long-term value and environmental responsibility. The rising popularity of fiber cement siding also reflects growing consumer awareness of the importance of climate-resilient building practices. The cost comparison between vinyl and fiber cement siding becomes even more compelling when factoring in maintenance. Vinyl siding, while initially cheaper, can require more frequent repainting, cleaning, and repairs, especially in harsh climates.

Fiber cement, on the other hand, typically requires minimal maintenance, such as periodic cleaning and occasional repainting, depending on the finish. This translates to lower long-term ownership costs and a higher return on investment. In the context of real estate, a home clad in durable, low-maintenance fiber cement siding is likely to be more attractive to potential buyers, enhancing its curb appeal and perceived value. This is particularly true in regions increasingly susceptible to extreme weather events, where homeowners are prioritizing resilience and long-term protection.

Finally, the environmental impact of siding choices is becoming an increasingly important consideration for homeowners. Fiber cement siding, with its long lifespan, low maintenance needs, and recyclable properties, presents a more sustainable option compared to vinyl. As climate change intensifies weather patterns, selecting building materials that minimize environmental impact and offer long-term durability is paramount. Fiber cement aligns with this trend, providing a responsible and resilient choice for homeowners looking to protect their investment and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Hot Climates: Siding Performance and Resilience

Hot climates present unique challenges for home exteriors, demanding siding materials that can withstand intense sun, high temperatures, and often elevated humidity. Choosing the right siding for these conditions is a critical home improvement decision, impacting not only the aesthetic appeal and real estate value but also the long-term resilience and energy efficiency of the property. Understanding the performance characteristics of different siding materials, like vinyl and fiber cement, under the stress of a hot climate is essential for making an informed investment in 2025 and beyond.

Vinyl siding, known for its affordability and ease of installation, remains a popular choice. However, the intense UV radiation and heat in hot climates can cause vinyl to become brittle and fade over time, potentially leading to premature siding replacement. Lighter colors are generally recommended in these regions as they reflect more sunlight, helping to keep the home cooler and reducing energy consumption. Insulated vinyl siding offers an additional layer of protection against heat transfer, contributing to improved energy efficiency and potentially lowering cooling costs.

While insulated vinyl increases the initial home siding costs, the potential long-term savings and enhanced comfort can make it a worthwhile investment, especially in regions with prolonged periods of high temperatures. Fiber cement siding, while carrying a higher upfront cost compared to vinyl, offers superior durability and resistance to the harsh conditions of hot climates. Its inherent fire resistance and resilience against extreme temperatures make it a compelling option for homeowners seeking long-term performance. Unlike vinyl, fiber cement doesn’t become brittle or fade under intense sun exposure, maintaining its aesthetic appeal and structural integrity for an extended period.

This longevity translates to lower maintenance requirements and potentially higher real estate value over time. Furthermore, fiber cement siding can be painted in a variety of colors, offering greater design flexibility while still allowing for lighter shades to maximize heat reflection. The 2025 siding trends indicate a growing preference for sustainable and resilient materials, and fiber cement aligns well with this shift towards long-term value and climate-conscious building practices. The impact of climate change is further intensifying the challenges faced by homeowners in hot climates.

Rising temperatures, increased humidity, and more frequent extreme weather events underscore the importance of selecting durable and resilient building materials. Fiber cement siding’s inherent resistance to moisture damage and rot, a growing concern with increased humidity, makes it a robust choice in the face of these evolving climate conditions. When comparing siding cost and performance, it’s crucial to consider not only the initial investment but also the long-term maintenance costs and the potential for future climate-related damage.

Consulting with local building professionals and real estate experts can provide valuable insights into the best siding choices for specific regional climates and help homeowners make informed decisions that protect their investments while mitigating the effects of climate change. Ultimately, the best siding for hot climates depends on a variety of factors, including budget, aesthetic preferences, and the specific climate conditions of the region. While vinyl siding offers an attractive entry point in terms of cost, fiber cement’s durability, resilience, and long-term performance make it a strong contender, especially for homeowners prioritizing long-term value and climate resilience. Careful consideration of these factors, combined with expert advice from local professionals, will ensure that homeowners make the best siding choice for their homes in 2025 and beyond.

Cold Climates: Battling the Elements

Cold climates present unique challenges for homeowners, demanding siding materials that can withstand the relentless onslaught of snow, ice, and freezing temperatures. These conditions can lead to moisture damage, reduced energy efficiency, and premature wear and tear on exterior cladding. Choosing the right siding is therefore a critical investment for homeowners in colder regions, impacting both property value and long-term maintenance costs. Insulated vinyl siding and fiber cement siding emerge as two prominent contenders in these climates, each offering a distinct balance of cost, durability, and performance.

Home improvement projects in cold climates often prioritize energy efficiency, making insulated vinyl an attractive option. The added layer of insulation helps trap heat within the home, reducing energy consumption and lowering heating bills. This can lead to significant long-term cost savings, a key consideration for real estate investors and homeowners alike. However, in 2025, the fluctuating cost of building materials, influenced by supply chain dynamics and inflation, necessitates a thorough cost comparison. While insulated vinyl offers an initial cost advantage over fiber cement, the long-term return on investment needs to be carefully evaluated considering energy savings and lifespan.

Fiber cement siding, while carrying a higher initial cost, offers exceptional durability and resilience against the harsh elements of cold climates. Its resistance to moisture damage is a crucial advantage, preventing rot, warping, and other issues commonly associated with freeze-thaw cycles. This inherent resilience contributes to the material’s longevity, making it a compelling option for those seeking a long-term solution and potentially increasing real estate value. Furthermore, fiber cement siding’s resistance to cracking and chipping under the weight of snow and ice further solidifies its suitability for cold climates.

From a climate change perspective, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including blizzards and ice storms, necessitate building materials that can withstand these evolving challenges. Fiber cement’s robust nature positions it as a resilient choice in the face of these changing weather patterns. For homeowners contemplating siding replacement in 2025, understanding the nuanced performance of different materials is essential. While vinyl siding costs remain a significant factor, the long-term benefits of fiber cement, including its durability, minimal maintenance requirements, and resistance to moisture damage, should be weighed against the initial price difference. Consulting with local siding professionals can provide valuable insights into regional climate considerations, material availability, and 2025 siding trends, enabling informed decision-making and maximizing the return on investment.

Coastal Climates: Defending Against the Sea

Coastal regions present a unique set of challenges for homeowners, demanding siding materials that can withstand the relentless assault of salt spray, high winds, and persistent moisture. These environmental factors can quickly deteriorate less resilient siding options, leading to costly repairs and replacements. For homes in coastal areas, the 2025 siding trends lean towards prioritizing durability and weather resistance, making fiber cement a leading contender. Its inherent resistance to moisture, rot, and insects, combined with its ability to withstand high winds, positions it as an ideal choice for these demanding environments.

While vinyl siding offers a more budget-friendly initial investment, its vulnerability to cracking and warping under harsh coastal conditions often necessitates premature replacement, negating any initial cost savings. Therefore, when considering long-term value and minimal maintenance, fiber cement emerges as a cost-effective solution for coastal homes. Homeowners in these regions should factor in the long-term cost benefits of fiber cement, including its extended lifespan and reduced maintenance needs, when making their siding decisions. For example, while the initial cost of fiber cement might be 20% higher than vinyl, its lifespan can be two to three times longer, ultimately making it a more financially sound investment over time.

Additionally, the resilience of fiber cement translates to lower insurance premiums in some coastal areas, further enhancing its value proposition. The impact of climate change is exacerbating the challenges faced by coastal communities. Rising sea levels, increased storm intensity, and higher wind speeds are putting homes at greater risk. Choosing a durable siding material like fiber cement is becoming less of a preference and more of a necessity in these areas. Experts predict that the demand for resilient building materials, such as fiber cement siding, will continue to rise in 2025 and beyond, driven by the growing need to protect homes from the intensifying effects of climate change.

This increased demand may also influence siding costs, making it essential for homeowners to budget accordingly and consult with reputable contractors for accurate 2025 pricing. Furthermore, homeowners should explore climate-resilient building practices and consider additional protective measures, such as reinforced window and door frames, to further safeguard their properties against the escalating risks associated with coastal living. Proper installation and ongoing maintenance are crucial for maximizing the lifespan of any siding material, especially in coastal climates.

For fiber cement siding, proper sealing around windows, doors, and joints is paramount to preventing water infiltration and subsequent damage. Regular cleaning with a mild detergent and water can remove salt residue and other debris that can accelerate wear and tear. Homeowners should also schedule annual inspections to identify and address any minor damage promptly. Consulting with local siding professionals experienced in coastal installations is highly recommended. These experts can provide tailored advice on the best siding products and maintenance practices for specific coastal conditions. They can also offer insights on cost comparison between vinyl and fiber cement, considering both the initial investment and long-term maintenance expenses, empowering homeowners to make informed decisions that align with their budget and long-term goals. By investing in high-quality fiber cement siding and adhering to a proactive maintenance schedule, homeowners in coastal regions can protect their investments and enjoy the peace of mind that comes with a durable and weather-resistant home exterior.

The Impact of Climate Change on Siding Choices

The impact of climate change on home siding choices is becoming increasingly significant, influencing material selection and long-term cost considerations. Intensifying weather patterns, from extreme heat and prolonged winters to more frequent and severe storms, necessitate a forward-thinking approach to home improvement. Homeowners in 2025 must consider future climate projections when choosing siding to ensure their investment provides lasting protection and value. Choosing the best siding for hot climates, cold climates, or coastal regions now requires factoring in the predicted changes in local weather patterns over the lifespan of the siding.

The increasing frequency of extreme heat events necessitates siding materials that can withstand higher temperatures without warping, fading, or becoming brittle. Vinyl siding, while cost-effective, can be susceptible to heat damage, making fiber cement a potentially more resilient choice in hotter climates. The best siding for hot climates will likely shift towards materials with higher heat reflectivity and thermal resistance, impacting both 2025 siding trends and siding cost comparison. For example, lighter-colored vinyl siding or insulated vinyl can help mitigate heat absorption, but fiber cement’s inherent resistance to extreme temperatures may offer a longer-term advantage.

In colder climates, freeze-thaw cycles and heavy snow loads place different stresses on home siding. Insulated vinyl siding can improve energy efficiency and offer some protection against moisture damage, but fiber cement siding replacement is becoming increasingly popular in these regions due to its superior durability and resistance to moisture. The best siding for cold climates in 2025 and beyond will need to withstand these increasingly harsh conditions, making material choices a crucial factor in both home improvement and real estate valuations.

As such, the 2025 home siding costs for more durable materials like fiber cement might be offset by lower energy bills and reduced maintenance needs over time. Coastal regions face unique challenges with salt spray, high winds, and increased moisture due to rising sea levels. Fiber cement siding, with its inherent resistance to moisture and rot, is often considered the best siding for coastal regions. However, proper sealing and maintenance are crucial to maximize its lifespan and protect against the corrosive effects of salt air.

Homeowners in coastal areas must carefully evaluate siding cost comparison and factor in the long-term maintenance needs associated with each material. The increasing intensity of storms and rising sea levels are making these considerations even more critical for real estate investments in coastal areas. Ultimately, navigating the changing climate requires a proactive approach to home improvement. Consulting with local siding professionals and builders who understand regional climate projections can help homeowners make informed decisions about siding replacement. These experts can provide insights into the best siding for specific climate conditions, balancing factors like 2025 home siding costs, durability, maintenance requirements, and long-term value. By considering both current and future climate impacts, homeowners can ensure their siding investment provides lasting protection and contributes to the resilience of their homes in the face of a changing environment.

Maximizing Siding Lifespan: Maintenance Tips

Maximizing the lifespan of your home siding is a crucial aspect of protecting your real estate investment and ensuring long-term value. Regular cleaning and inspections are essential, not only for maintaining curb appeal but also for preventing costly repairs down the line. Just as routine maintenance extends the life of a car, consistent upkeep of your siding can significantly delay the need for premature replacement, a substantial cost often exceeding $10,000 for the average home.

Addressing minor damage promptly, such as cracks, chips, or loose panels, can prevent further deterioration and potentially save thousands in future siding replacement costs. This proactive approach holds true whether you’ve opted for vinyl siding, fiber cement siding, or another material. Consult with local professionals for climate-specific maintenance advice, as the best practices for siding care can vary drastically based on regional weather patterns. The frequency of cleaning and inspections depends on several factors, including the type of siding, the local climate, and the surrounding environment.

For instance, homes in coastal regions, constantly exposed to salt spray, may require more frequent cleaning than those in inland areas. Similarly, homes surrounded by trees might need more regular gutter cleaning to prevent debris buildup that can damage siding. While general guidelines suggest cleaning vinyl siding annually and fiber cement siding every few years, a local siding professional can provide tailored advice based on your specific circumstances and the 2025 siding trends in your area.

This expert guidance can be invaluable in determining the best approach for your home and maximizing your return on investment. For vinyl siding, gentle cleaning with a garden hose and a soft brush is typically sufficient. Avoid using harsh chemicals or power washers, which can damage the vinyl’s surface. For fiber cement siding, a low-pressure wash with a mild detergent is recommended. Inspections should focus on identifying any signs of damage, such as cracks, holes, or warping.

Pay close attention to areas around windows, doors, and other penetrations, as these are common points of vulnerability. In colder climates, check for ice dams that can cause moisture damage, while in hotter climates, look for signs of fading or brittleness. By understanding the specific challenges posed by your climate, you can take preventative measures to protect your siding and avoid costly repairs. Considering the projected impact of climate change on weather patterns, this forward-thinking approach is essential for ensuring long-term protection and preserving the value of your home.

The cost comparison between maintaining existing siding and replacing it entirely highlights the importance of preventative care. While regular cleaning and minor repairs might cost a few hundred dollars annually, a full siding replacement can easily reach tens of thousands of dollars. This significant price difference underscores the value of proactive maintenance in preserving your home’s exterior and avoiding a major financial outlay. Furthermore, the choice between vinyl siding and fiber cement siding also plays a role in long-term maintenance costs.

While vinyl is generally less expensive upfront, fiber cement’s superior durability and resistance to the elements can translate to lower maintenance expenses over time, particularly in harsh climates. By carefully considering these factors and consulting with local experts, homeowners can make informed decisions that balance cost, durability, and long-term value. Finally, consider the impact of climate change on your siding choices. As weather patterns become more intense and unpredictable, the resilience of your home’s exterior becomes even more critical.

Choosing a siding material that can withstand the projected climate conditions in your region is a crucial investment in the future of your home. Whether it’s the best siding for hot climates, cold climates, or coastal regions, making an informed decision requires understanding the specific challenges posed by your local environment and selecting a material that can stand up to those challenges. Consulting with experienced siding professionals and considering the projected impact of climate change on local weather patterns will help ensure that your siding investment provides long-term protection and value for your home.

Making Informed Decisions: Consulting the Experts

Selecting the appropriate siding is a multifaceted decision that extends beyond mere aesthetics; it’s a critical investment impacting both the structural integrity and market value of your home. Homeowners must carefully weigh factors such as regional climate conditions, budget constraints, and long-term maintenance requirements. For instance, while vinyl siding might present a lower initial home siding cost, its performance in extreme temperatures may not match that of fiber cement, especially in areas experiencing increasingly severe weather patterns linked to climate change.

Consulting with qualified siding professionals is paramount to navigate these complexities and ensure you’re making an informed choice that aligns with your specific needs and long-term investment goals. When considering siding replacement, the nuances of local climate play a pivotal role. In hot climates, the best siding for hot climates will typically feature high solar reflectance to minimize heat absorption and prevent premature degradation. Fiber cement siding, while initially more expensive, often proves more resilient against intense heat and humidity, reducing the need for frequent repairs or replacements.

Conversely, in cold climates, insulated vinyl siding can offer enhanced energy efficiency, helping to reduce heating costs, while fiber cement’s moisture resistance makes it a robust option against freezing and thawing cycles. A detailed siding cost comparison, considering both initial expenses and long-term maintenance, is essential to determine the most cost-effective solution for your specific region. Coastal regions present unique challenges, including salt spray, high winds, and elevated moisture levels. Here, the best siding for coastal regions is often fiber cement, owing to its resistance to rot, insect infestation, and impact damage from debris.

However, proper installation and sealing are crucial to prevent moisture intrusion and ensure long-term performance. Vinyl siding, while less resistant to these harsh conditions, can still be a viable option in less exposed areas if properly installed and maintained. Homeowners in these areas should consult with siding professionals experienced in coastal construction to ensure their choice aligns with local building codes and environmental conditions. This will ensure the siding can withstand the elements and protect the structure for years to come.

The impact of climate change on siding choices cannot be overstated. As weather patterns become more unpredictable, material selection must consider future climate projections. For example, areas experiencing increased rainfall may find that fiber cement’s moisture resistance offers an advantage, while regions seeing more frequent heat waves may prioritize materials with high solar reflectance. The 2025 siding trends indicate a growing emphasis on durability and sustainability, with homeowners increasingly seeking materials that can withstand extreme conditions while minimizing environmental impact.

Consulting with a local expert who is familiar with these trends and the specific climate challenges of your area is crucial for making a future-proof decision. Ultimately, making an informed decision requires a holistic approach that considers the interplay of cost, climate, and long-term value. Obtaining personalized quotes from multiple siding professionals will provide a clear understanding of the financial implications of different material choices. Furthermore, seeking expert advice tailored to your specific region ensures that your siding selection will not only enhance your home’s curb appeal but also provide long-lasting protection against the elements. Remember, the right siding choice is an investment that can significantly impact your home’s value and its resilience in the face of evolving climate conditions.

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